XRF / PMI Training
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NDT quick formulas
UT beam geometry
Sound path = depth ÷ cos θ; surface distance = depth × tan θ. θ is measured from the surface normal, for a straight first leg.
UT full skip
Full skip distance on a flat plate = 2 × thickness × tan θ. Confirm the actual geometry and reference convention.
Snell’s law
sin θ₁ / V₁ = sin θ₂ / V₂ for corresponding incident/refracted wave modes, with angles from the interface normal.
TOFD simplified depth
With symmetrical probe spacing 2s, travel time t in material, and longitudinal velocity v: depth ≈ √((vt/2)² − s²). Correct for wedge delays and PCS geometry.